435: Iain MacIlleDhuibh
Litir sheachdaineach do luchd-ionnsachaidh le clàr-fuaime, tar-sgrìobhadh is mìneachadh. A weekly letter to Gaelic learners with audio, transcription and explanation.
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Iain MacIlleDhuibh
Bha Iain MacIlleDhuibh – no John Lamont – gu math ainmeil mar reuladair anns an naoidheamh linn deug. Mar a dh’innis mi dhuibh an t-seachdain sa chaidh, bha e à sgìre Ghàidhealach ann an Siorrachd Obar Dheathain, ach choisinn e a chliù anns a’ Ghearmailt. Tha mòran eòlach air anns an dùthaich sin – agus air feadh an t-saoghail – mar “Johann von Lamont”.
Aig aois dhà-dheug, fhuair Iain deagh chothrom airson a chuid foghlaim adhartachadh. Aig an àm ud, bha colaiste Chaitligeach Albannach aig Ratisbon ann am Babhàiria. Chaidh fear de na manaich à Ratisbon gu ruige Alba, feuch balaich a lorg airson a bhith nan oileanaich anns a’ cholaiste. Fhuair Iain MacIlleDhuibh fear de na h-àiteachan ann.
Chuir Iain seachad beagan bhliadhnaichean ann an Ratisbon, a’ faighinn foghlam anns na cuspairean Clasaigeach, Feallsanachd agus Diadhachd. Bha e fìor mhath air Matamataig. Aig a’ cheann thall, cho-dhùin e nach robh e airson a bhith na shagart. Dh’fhàg e a’ cholaiste agus chaidh e gu ionad-foghlaim saidheansail ann am Munich far an do dh’ionnsaich e tuilleadh mu shaidheans is reul-eòlas.
Rinn e adhartas proifeiseanta gu luath. Taobh a-staigh dà bhliadhna, bha e na neach-cuideachaidh don Phroifeasair Soldener aig an Reul-lann ann am Bogenhausen faisg air Munich. Nuair a chaochail am proifeasair còig bliadhna às dèidh sin, chaidh Iain a dhèanamh na Stiùiriche na àite. B’ e tiotal na dreuchd aige – Reuladair Rìoghail Bhabhàiria.
Bha prosbaig mhòr aige – an dàrna tè a bu mhotha san t-saoghal aig an àm sin. Thug e sùil air reul-bhadan, no constellations. Thug e sùil air deargan-doireannan. Sin a’ Ghàidhlig a th’ air nebulae – deargan-doireannan – mar gum biodh, na “stoirmean dearga”. Dh’fhoillsich e grunn mhapaichean de na rionnagan agus “Mìosachan Reul-eòlasach”. Chlàir e còrr is fichead mìle rionnag a ghabhas faicinn bho Mhunich le prosbaig, ach nach gabh faicinn idir leis an t-sùil gun taic.
Dh’fhàs e beartach. Nuair a bha Sagart Bhràigh Mhàrr thall sa Ghearmailt ann an ochd ceud deug, ceathrad ’s a dhà (1842), chaidh e a chèilidh air. Chuir e iongnadh air an t-sagart cho math dheth ’s a bha Iain, agus an taigh aige làn àirneis luachmhor. Ach ’s dòcha nach robh mòran aige air an cosgadh e a chuid airgid. Bha beatha shàmhach shìmplidh aige, cha do phòs e riamh, agus chan eil e soilleir an do rinn e mòran siubhail na ùine fhèin – air ais a dh’Alba no a dh’àiteachan eile.
Ann an ochd ceud deug, caogad ’s a dhà (1852), fhuair e dreuchd eile – Proifeasair an Reul-eòlais ann an Oilthigh Mhunich. Às dèidh sin, dh’fhoillsich e tràchdas mu dhubhadh na grèine. Rinn e obair mhòr cuideachd air a’ phlanaid Uranus. B’ esan a chiad duine a dh’obraich a-mach cuideam Uranus. Rinn e sin le bhith a’ tomhas gluasad nan gealaichean timcheall na planaid. Rinn e obair air Saturn cuideachd agus chunnaic e Neaptuin dà thuras, ach cha do dh’aithnich e aig an àm gur e planaid a bh’ innte.
Fhuair Iain ballrachd ann an Acadamaidhean Rìoghail Bhabhàiria is Dhùn Èideann, Acadamaidhean na Bruiseil, Upsala is Prag agus buidhnean acadamaigeach eile. Bha e na Ridire ann am buidhnean urramach anns a’ Bhatican, san Ostair agus san t-Suain. Agus gu sònraichte bha e na Ridire ann am Babhàiria – agus ’s e sin a leig leis “von” a chur ri ainm. Bho Iain MacIlleDhuibh, John Lamont, dh’èirich Johann von Lamont – agus chan eil a sgeul deiseil fhathast. A bharrachd air reul-eòlas, bha e cliùiteach airson na rinn e ann an iùil-tharraing agus dealan – is bheir sinn sùil orra sin an ath thuras.
Faclan na Litreach: reuladair: astronomer; Feallsanachd: Philosophy; Diadhachd: Divinity; Matamataig: Mathematics; reul-eòlas: astronomy; reul-lann: (astronomical) observatory; reul-bhad: constellation; deargan-doireann: nebula; ballrachd: membership; dealan: electricity.
Abairtean na Litreach: ainmeil mar reuladair anns an naoidheamh linn deug: famous as an astronomer in the 19th Century; choisinn e a chliù anns a’ Ghearmailt: he won his reputation in Germany; deagh chothrom airson a chuid foghlaim adhartachadh: a good opportunity to advance his education; bha colaiste Chaitligeach Albannach ann am Babhàiria: there was a Scottish Catholic college in Bavaria; fear de na manaich: one of the monks; gu ruige Alba, feuch balaich a lorg airson a bhith nan oileanaich: to Scotland to try to find boys to be students; cho-dhùin e nach robh e airson a bhith na shagart: he decided he didn’t want to become a priest; chaidh Iain a dhèanamh na Stiùiriche na àite: Iain was made Director in his place; an dàrna tè a bu mhotha san t-saoghal: the second biggest [telescope] in the world; Mìosachan Reul-eòlasach: Astronomical Calendar; chlàir e fichead mìle rionnag a ghabhas faicinn bho: he recorded twenty thousands stars that can be seen from; nach gabh faicinn idir leis an t-sùil gun taic: that cannot be seen with the unaided eye; chaidh e a chèilidh air: he went to visit him; làn àirneis luachmhor: full of valuable furniture; air an cosgadh e a chuid airgid: on which he would spend his money; chan eil e soilleir an do rinn e mòran siubhail na ùine fhèin: it’s not clear if he did much travel in his own time; tràchdas mu dhubhadh na grèine: a treatise about the solar eclipse; le bhith a’ tomhas gluasad nan gealaichean: by measuring the movement of the moons; bha e na Ridire: he was a Knight.
Puing-chànain na Litreach: iùil-tharraing: magnetism. The English and Gaelic for “magnetism” might seem to have nothing in common, the English being derived from Magnesia, the genitive form of Magnes, an ancient mineral-rich region in the classical world (the element “magnesium” gets its name from the same place). But you may be aware of another old English term for a magnet or piece of magnetic rock which could be used in a compass – a “lodestone”. This means a “guiding stone” and it is a direct equivalent to the Gaelic clach-iùil (a magnet). Iùl means “guidance, direction” (a neach-iùil is a “guide” eg a mountain guide). Tarraing means “attract” so iùil-tharraing (note the slenderisation of iùl ) means “guiding attraction” which is a pretty good summary of the phenomenon as it was traditionally observed, and employed, while navigating at sea.
Gnàthas-cainnt na Litreach: ’s e sin a leig leis “von” a chur ri ainm: that’s what allowed him to add “von” to his name.
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Litir do Luchd-ionnsachaidh
This letter corresponds to Tha an Litir seo a’ buntainn ri An Litir Bheag 131
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